The management of computer hardware and software is based on operating systems. The following are some essential characteristics of operating systems:
1) The user interface, or UI:
➤ The graphical user interface, or GUI, enables users to interact with the system through windows, menus, and icons, among other graphical features.
➤ Text commands can be used by users to communicate with the system using the Command-Line Interface (CLI).
2) Process Management:
➤ Task scheduling: Effectively distributes CPU time to processes.
➤ Managing the beginning, middle, and end of processes is the responsibility of Process Creation and Termination.
➤ Interprocess Communication (IPC): Enables dialogue between various processes.
3) Memory Handling:
➤ Memory Allocation: Gives processes access to memory.
➤ Memory protection makes ensuring that a process doesn't have unauthorized access to another process' memory.
➤ Virtual Memory: Enables the system to use disk space to extend RAM, giving apps access to more memory than is physically possible.
4) Management of File Systems:
➤ File Organization: Controls how files are arranged, saved, and retrieved from storage devices.
➤ File Access Control: Uses security settings and permissions to manage file access.
➤ File metadata: Contains details about a file, such its size, type, and creation date.
5) Device Management:
➤ Device drivers: Manage how the operating system and hardware devices communicate with one other.
➤ Device Allocation: Controls device access and assigns devices to processes.
➤ Plug & Play: Enables hardware device detection and configuration by the system automatically.
6) Security:
➤ Verifies the identification of users gaining access to the system through user authentication.
➤ Access Control: Ascertains which processes or users have access to what resources.
➤ Data is protected by encryption, which transforms it into a format that is only accessible with the right decryption key.
7) Networking:
➤ Network Protocol Support: Offers communication protocols for devices connected to a network.
➤ Network configuration is the administration of network configuration, including DNS and IP address configuration.
➤ Network Services: Offers services including printing, internet access, and file sharing.
8) System Utilities:
➤ System monitoring keeps an eye on resource use and system performance.
➤ System Configuration: Gives users the ability to change the language, time zone, and display resolution of the system.
➤ System Recovery and Backup: Offers resources for data backups and system restoration in the event of a malfunction.
Depending on the kind of operating system (Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.) and its intended application (desktop, server, embedded devices, etc.), these functionalities may differ somewhat.
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